Types of Investment Fraud: Complete Guide

Understand the most common investment scams, how they work, and how to protect your portfolio from manipulation and fraud.

Pump-and-Dump Schemes

A pump-and-dump scheme is a coordinated manipulation tactic where promoters artificially inflate a stock's price (the "pump"), then sell their shares (the "dump"), leaving retail investors with losses.

Red Flags to Watch

  • Unsolicited investment tips via email, social media, or group chats
  • Promises of guaranteed returns or insider information
  • Sudden and unexplained price spikes with high volume
  • Limited publicly available information about the company
  • Shares trading on penny stock exchanges or OTC markets
  • Aggressive marketing on Telegram, Discord, or Reddit groups

Penny Stock Scams

Penny stocks—shares trading below $5—are common targets for manipulation due to low trading volumes and limited regulatory oversight. Scammers exploit these characteristics to artificially move prices.

Why Penny Stocks Are Vulnerable

  • Low market capitalization makes prices easier to manipulate
  • Limited shares outstanding can lead to large price movements
  • Minimal trading liquidity means fewer buyers/sellers
  • Reduced SEC oversight compared to larger companies
  • Limited financial reporting requirements

Cold Calling and Social Engineering

Scammers use high-pressure sales tactics and false credentials to build trust and convince investors to buy fraudulent securities. These attacks often combine social engineering with false claims.

Typical Tactics:

  • Fake financial advisor credentials and broker licenses
  • Manufactured urgency ('Act now, this offer expires tonight')
  • Social proof claims ('Others have already made 300% returns')
  • Fake testimonials and fabricated success stories

How ScamDunk Can Help

ScamDunk uses advanced data analysis to identify stocks showing pump-and-dump characteristics, unusual volume patterns, and market manipulation signals.

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